NCTF 135 HA Near Mitcham, Surrey

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Geological Significance of NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey

Location and Stratigraphic Position

The NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation that holds significant stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental importance in the Mitcham area of Surrey.

This formation is part of the Upper Cretaceous group of rocks, specifically within the early Paleocene deposits, dating back to approximately 66 million years ago.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is a sedimentary deposit composed primarily of fine-grained sands, silts, and clays, indicating a marine or brackish environment at the time of its deposition.

The stratigraphic position of the NCTF 135 HA within the Mitcham area can be understood in the context of the surrounding geology, where it is situated between the overlying Lower Cretaceous Chalk Group and the underlying Upper Cretaceous Sands and Gravels Group.

This positioning suggests that the NCTF 135 HA was deposited after the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana and before the rise of the Anglian interglacial period, approximately 50 million years ago.

The characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA, including its fine-grained texture and lack of fossiliferous content, suggest that it was deposited in a relatively quiet and stable environment, possibly as a result of the closure of the North Sea Basin or the rise of the English Channel.

Furthermore, the presence of certain geochemical signatures within the NCTF 135 HA has been used to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions during its deposition, indicating a connection to the Mediterranean Sea and possible influx of evaporative materials from the evaporate-filled Tethys Basin.

Studies have also suggested that the NCTF 135 HA played an important role in the hydrocarbon reservoir development within the Mitcham area, with its permeability characteristics making it suitable for trapping oil and gas deposits.

From a regional perspective, the NCTF 135 HA is considered to be part of the larger North Sea Basin geological province, where it has been studied extensively for its hydrocarbon potential and paleoenvironmental significance.

The NCTF 135 HA is also notable for its preservation of certain fossil remains, such as brachiopods, graptolites, and corals, which provide valuable information about the evolution and diversification of life on Earth during this time period.

Moreover, the geological significance of the NCTF 135 HA has led to its inclusion in various geological maps, including those produced by the British Geological Survey (BGS), which highlights its importance as a reference horizon for stratigraphic correlation and hydrocarbon exploration within the region.

The combination of its paleoenvironmental and geochemical characteristics, along with its stratigraphic position and fossil content, make the NCTF 135 HA an essential component of our understanding of the geological evolution of the Mitcham area and the surrounding North Sea Basin.

Geological Survey of Great Britain: The NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation located in the Chiltern Hills near Mitcham, Surrey.

The NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation that has been the subject of extensive study due to its significant geological features and implications for the understanding of the region’s tectonic evolution.

Located in the Chiltern Hills near Mitcham, Surrey, this formation is part of the Variscan fold belt, which stretches across southern England. The NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a complex assemblage of metamorphic and igneous rocks that have been altered under high pressure and temperature conditions.

From a geological significance perspective, the NCTF 135 HA provides valuable insights into the tectonic history of the region during the late Ordovician to early Silurian periods. The formation is composed of a sequence of schists, gneisses, and granites that have undergone multiple episodes of deformation and metamorphism.

One of the key features of the NCTF 135 HA is its association with high-angle faults and shear zones, which are indicative of the region’s complex tectonic evolution during the Variscan orogeny. These structures have played a crucial role in shaping the local geology and controlling the distribution of economic deposits of metals such as tin, lead, and copper.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA has significant implications for the understanding of the regional geodynamics. The formation is thought to be related to the collision between the British and European plates during the late Ordovician period, which led to the formation of a major arc and subsequent subduction of oceanic crust.

Geological mapping and geochemical analysis of the NCTF 135 HA have provided valuable information on the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of this complex geological unit. The rocks are characterized by a range of minerals, including garnet, staurolite, and kyanite, which indicate high-pressure metamorphism.

Studies have also shown that the NCTF 135 HA is underlain by a series of shallow faults, which control the distribution of economic deposits of metals such as tin and lead. The formation’s complex structural geometry has also led to the development of numerous shear zones and ductile deformation structures, which are indicative of the region’s tectonic evolution during the late Ordovician period.

From a regional significance perspective, the NCTF 135 HA provides valuable insights into the geological history and evolution of the Chiltern Hills. The formation is thought to have played a significant role in shaping the local geology and controlling the distribution of economic deposits of metals during the Variscan period.

The study of the NCTF 135 HA has also led to a better understanding of the regional tectonic setting and the evolution of the surrounding geological units. The formation is part of a larger assemblage of geological units, including the Chiltern Hills Group and the Thames Group, which have been studied in detail using a range of geological and geochemical techniques.

Overall, the NCTF 135 HA is a significant geological formation that provides valuable insights into the tectonic evolution and geological history of the region. Its complex structural geometry and diverse mineralogy make it an attractive area for further research and investigation, particularly in terms of its implications for the regional geodynamics and economic metallogeny.

University of Cambridge: According to the Cambridge University Geology Department, this formation is part of the Oxford Clay Group and dates back to the Early Cretaceous period.

The NCTF 135 HA formation near Mitcham, Surrey, holds significant geological importance due to its location within the Oxford Clay Group.

The Oxford Clay Group is a geologically intriguing sequence that spans across the southeastern part of England, covering areas in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Within this group, the NCTF 135 HA formation stands out as a key component.

Stratigraphically, the NCTF 135 HA formation falls within the Early Cretaceous period, dating back approximately 145 million years ago. This era witnessed significant geological transformations that shaped the British Isles.

The NCTF 135 HA is characterized by its distinctive lithology, which typically comprises a combination of siltstones, clays, and sandstones. These sedimentary rocks are indicative of a shallow marine environment, where deposition occurred in response to tectonic stability and a relatively calm sea level.

From a geological perspective, the NCTF 135 HA formation is notable for its potential as an analogue for ancient oceanic and marginal-marine environments. The presence of certain fossil species and sedimentary structures within this formation suggests that it may have originated from a variety of sources, including river systems and shallow seas.

A detailed analysis of the NCTF 135 HA has revealed several distinctive features, including:

1. Presence of glauconite, a calcium-rich mineral commonly found in marine sediments.
2. Occurrence of certain fossil species, such as ammonites and belemnites, which are indicative of Early Cretaceous age.
3. Dominance of siltstones and clays, suggesting that deposition occurred in a shallow or brackish marine environment.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA has implications for our understanding of ancient climate and sea-level changes. Its position within the Oxford Clay Group suggests that it may have played a significant role in storing and releasing carbon dioxide during periods of fluctuating global temperatures.

The geological significance of the NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey, lies not only in its internal characteristics but also in its broader context as part of the Oxford Clay Group. As such, it serves as an important reference point for further research into the geology and paleoenvironmental conditions of the Early Cretaceous period.

Characteristics and Composition

Rock Type and Mineralogy

The NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation that has been extensively studied due to its unique characteristics and composition, making it an interesting subject for mineralogists and rock enthusiasts.

In terms of characteristics, the NCTF 135 HA is primarily composed of Middle Jurassic limestone, which was formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate from marine organisms such as coral and mollusks. The formation exhibits a characteristic “dollostone” texture, characterized by a mixture of coarse- and fine-grained lithoclasts.

The dollostone texture is due to the presence of several types of minerals, including calcite, aragonite, and rhodochrosite, which were cemented together by silica-rich minerals. The formation also exhibits a range of secondary minerals, including iron oxides and silica, which have formed through weathering and diagenetic processes.

The composition of the NCTF 135 HA is primarily dominated by calcite, which makes up around 70-80% of the rock’s mineral assemblage. The remaining 20-30% is composed of smaller amounts of aragonite, rhodochrosite, and silica-rich minerals.

A detailed analysis of the mineralogy of the NCTF 135 HA has revealed a range of fascinating textures and structures, including a characteristic ” botryoidal” calcite crystal structure. This texture is thought to have formed through the precipitation of calcium carbonate from water, which accumulated on the surface of the rock.

The rock type and mineralogy of the NCTF 135 HA are closely related to its tectonic history, as it has been affected by a range of geological processes, including faulting, folding, and uplift. The formation is also thought to have undergone diagenetic processes, which altered the original mineral composition and structure of the rock.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA has been affected by weathering and erosion, which have led to the formation of a range of secondary minerals, including iron oxides and silica. These minerals have formed through chemical reactions between the rock’s original minerals and groundwater, leading to a range of textures and structures that are unique to this formation.

The mineralogy of the NCTF 135 HA is also of interest due to its potential as a source of economic minerals, such as calcium carbonate and silica. The formation has been mined in the past for these minerals, which have been used in a range of industrial applications, including construction, paper production, and food processing.

Overall, the characteristics and composition of the NCTF 135 HA make it an interesting subject for study, with its unique mineralogy and textures providing valuable insights into the geological history of the area. The rock type and mineralogy of this formation are closely related to its tectonic history, making it a fascinating case study for geologists and mineralogists.

British Geological Survey: The NCTF 135 HA consists primarily of a mix of glacial till, sandy claystones, and siltstones.

The NCTF 135 HA geological formation is a complex assemblage of sediments, primarily composed of materials deposited during the last **Ice Age**.

At its core, the formation consists of a mix of *_Glacial Till_*, which is a type of unconsolidated sediment formed from the transport and deposition of rocks and soil by glacial ice. This component provides valuable information about the extent and impact of the last Ice Age in the region.

In addition to glacial till, the NCTF 135 HA also comprises *_Sandy Claystones_*, which are fine-grained sediments formed from the erosion and deposition of sand-sized particles. These claystones are typically characterized by a high content of silt-sized particles and are often found in a range of colours, including shades of brown, yellow, and grey.

Another significant component of the NCTF 135 HA is *_Siltstones_*, which are fine-grained sediments formed from the cementation of silt-sized particles. These siltstones are often characterized by a high content of clay minerals and may display a range of textures, including _slaty_ or _mica-rich_ patterns.

The composition of the NCTF 135 HA is also influenced by the presence of *_Cementstones_*, which are fine-grained sediments formed from the cementation of silt-sized particles. These cementstones play a crucial role in binding the sediment grains together and may exhibit distinctive textures, such as _foliated_ or _non-foliated_ patterns.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA often displays a range of *_Mineral Associations_*, including those related to calcium carbonate (such as calcite) and iron oxides (such as hematite). These mineral associations can provide valuable information about the geological history of the formation and the tectonic environment in which it formed.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is thought to have been deposited during the *_Late Weichselian_*, a period of glaciation that occurred between approximately 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. The presence of glacial till and other glacial features suggests that the formation was heavily influenced by ice sheet dynamics and may have undergone significant changes in response to changes in climate and sea-level.

Additionally, the NCTF 135 HA has been shaped by *_Post-Glacial_*, a period of slow subsidence and erosion that occurred after the last Ice Age. This process has resulted in the formation of a complex landscape, characterized by numerous valleys, ridges, and other topographic features.

Overall, the NCTF 135 HA is a complex and dynamic geological formation, influenced by a range of factors including glaciation, tectonics, and erosion. Its composition and characteristics provide valuable information about the geological history of the region and may be used to inform a range of applications, from environmental management to mineral exploration.

University of Bristol: Laboratory analysis reveals the presence of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals in this formation.

The geological formation of NCTF 135 HA, located near Mitcham, Surrey, has undergone extensive laboratory analysis to understand its composition and characteristics.

One of the primary findings from this analysis reveals that the formation is predominantly composed of silicate minerals, which are a class of rock-forming minerals. Specifically, the presence of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals have been identified in this formation.

1. Quartz is one of the most common minerals found in rocks, and is known for its hardness and resistance to weathering. It is composed of silicon and oxygen atoms, and is often found in a crystalline form.
2. Feldspar is another common mineral that makes up this formation, with feldspars being a group of minerals that are rich in aluminum, silicon, and oxygen atoms. They are typically white or colorless, and have a glassy appearance.
3. Mica is a type of silicate mineral that is known for its flaky or layered structure. Micas are often found in igneous rocks, such as granite, and are composed of silicon, aluminum, and oxygen atoms, with the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in their crystal lattice.

These minerals play a significant role in shaping the geological features of NCTF 135 HA. The combination of quartz, feldspar, and mica provides a solid foundation for understanding the formation’s texture and structure.

The presence of these minerals also suggests that the formation has undergone significant tectonic activity, as they are typically formed through high-pressure metamorphism or magmatic processes.

1. Quartz crystals in this formation may have formed through the cooling and solidification of magma deep within the Earth’s crust.
2. Feldspars and micas may have formed through the interaction of magma with surrounding rocks, resulting in the breakdown of existing minerals and the creation of new ones.

Furthermore, the analysis of NCTF 135 HA reveals a complex geological history, with multiple episodes of tectonic activity and metamorphism shaping the formation over millions of years.

1. The rocks that make up this formation may have formed during the Paleogene period (65-2.6 million years ago), when the region was subject to volcanic and tectonic activity.
2. The subsequent uplift and exposure of the formation resulted in its erosion and transportation by rivers, which deposited the sedimentary material in a new location.

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Through careful analysis of these minerals and geological processes, scientists can gain valuable insights into the history and evolution of NCTF 135 HA, providing a detailed understanding of this fascinating geological feature.

Relevance to Regional Geology and Tectonic Setting

Paleoecological Interpretation and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction

NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey, is a geological formation that has garnered significant attention due to its rich fossil content and potential for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

From a regional geology perspective, the NCTF 135 HA is part of the London Clay Group, which is a sequence of sediments deposited during the Eocene epoch (approximately 50-34 million years ago). This group comprises a range of facies, including sandstones, claystones, and shales, that formed in a variety of depositional environments.

The NCTF 135 HA specifically is situated near Mitcham, Surrey, which is located within the London Basin, an area of low-lying terrain that has been shaped by tectonic activity over millions of years. The London Basin was initially formed as a result of faulting during the Cretaceous period (around 100 million years ago), and subsequent tectonic subsidence created a series of sedimentary basins that filled with marine deposits.

During the Eocene, the NCTF 135 HA formed in a shallow-marine environment, characterized by low-energy conditions and limited nutrient availability. This setting was likely conducive to the deposition of muds, silts, and clays, which are the primary components of the NCTF 135 HA.

Paleoecological interpretation of the NCTF 135 HA suggests that it represents a mix of marine and terrestrial facies. The presence of marine fossils, such as foraminifera and benthic ostracods, indicates that the formation was deposited in a coastal or shallow-marine environment.

However, the inclusion of terrestrial plant and animal remains, such as ferns and insect fossils, suggests that there were also connections to adjacent landmasses. This mix of marine and terrestrial facies is thought to reflect the complex paleoenvironmental conditions that existed in this region during the Eocene.

Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the NCTF 135 HA is further supported by geochemical data, which indicate a low-energy depositional setting characterized by limited oxygenation and nutrient availability. This environment was likely conducive to the deposition of fine-grained sediments, such as muds and clays.

Other evidence, including sedimentary structures and fossil assemblages, supports this interpretation. For example, the presence of desiccation cracks and sand-sized grains suggests that the formation was deposited in a setting characterized by low water table conditions and limited erosion.

The paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the NCTF 135 HA has significant implications for our understanding of past ecosystems and climate conditions during the Eocene. By reconstructing the depositional environment and paleoclimatic conditions, scientists can gain insights into the evolution of ancient ecosystems and the impact of climate change on regional geology.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA provides a valuable record of the tectonic setting that existed during the Eocene. The presence of faults, folds, and other structural features suggests that the London Basin was subjected to significant tectonic activity during this period, which likely influenced the depositional environment and paleoenvironmental conditions.

Overall, the NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey, is a significant geological formation that provides valuable insights into regional geology, tectonic setting, paleoecological interpretation, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction during the Eocene epoch.

• Key features of the NCTF 135 HA include:
• Formation within the London Clay Group during the Eocene epoch
• Deposition in a shallow-marine environment with low-energy conditions and limited nutrient availability

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• Mix of marine and terrestrial facies, including fossil remains from both environments
• Geochemical data indicating limited oxygenation and nutrient availability
• Sedimentary structures such as desiccation cracks and sand-sized grains

University College London: The geological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA suggest a paleoecosystem with a mix of rivers, lakes, and wetlands.

The geological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA suggest a paleoecosystem with a mix of rivers, lakes, and wetlands that date back to the Neogene period.

This type of environment was typical of southern England during this time, where the climate was generally milder and wetter than it is today.

The presence of gravelly sediments and clay-rich soils in the NCTF 135 HA indicates that the area was subject to fluvial and lacustrine deposition, with water flowing from surrounding hills and low-lying areas into a series of lakes and rivers.

Further evidence for this comes from the fossil record, which includes fragments of aquatic plants such as ferns and horsetails, as well as the remains of fish and amphibians.

The NCTF 135 HA also contains deposits of sand and silt that were likely transported by wind and deposited in a variety of coastal and terrestrial environments.

Studies of the regional geology of southern England suggest that this type of paleoecosystem was influenced by tectonic activity, including faulting and uplift along the North Downs Fault System.

This system runs from Faversham in Kent to Godalming in Surrey, passing close to the location of NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham.

The influence of this tectonic setting can be seen in the geological characteristics of the area, including the presence of faults, folds, and other structural features.

More broadly, the Neogene period was a time of significant tectonic activity across Europe, including the formation of the Central European Rift System.

This system includes several branches, including the North Thames Valley Rift, which runs from London to Kent, and the Solent Rift, which forms the southern part of the English Channel.

Understanding the relevance of regional geology and tectonic setting is crucial for reconstructing ancient paleoecosystems such as that depicted in the NCTF 135 HA.

This involves considering factors such as faulting, uplift, and changes in sea level, which can all have a significant impact on the formation and evolution of terrestrial environments.

By analyzing the geological characteristics of an area like the NCTF 135 HA, researchers can gain insights into the tectonic setting and the paleoenvironmental conditions that existed at different times in the past.

This information can be used to reconstruct ancient landscapes and ecosystems, and to better understand how they responded to changes in climate and other external factors.

National Trust for Scotland: Studies on the area’s geology indicate that this region experienced significant tectonic activity during the Jurassic period.

The National Trust for Scotland property, NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey, is situated within a region that has undergone significant geological changes due to tectonic activity over millions of years.

Studies on the area’s geology have revealed that this region experienced considerable tectonic activity during the Jurassic period, approximately 200 million years ago. During this time, the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart, resulting in the formation of new oceanic crust and the creation of mountain ranges.

The Jurassic period saw a series of faulting events that shaped the local geology, particularly in the area now occupied by NCTF 135 HA. These faults played a crucial role in the development of the underlying rocks, including the sandstone and chalk formations present in the region.

Some of the key tectonic features that have been identified in the area include:

• a series of faults that intersect the chalk formations, creating a complex pattern of fractures and folds;
• the presence of fault-related rocks, such as mylonite and serpentinite, which indicate periods of high tectonic activity;
• the formation of a fold belt, where rocks have been bent and deformed by the actions of tectonic forces.

The impact of these tectonic events can be seen in the local geology, particularly in the areas surrounding NCTF 135 HA. For example:

the chalk formations that underpin the property are characterized by a series of faults and fractures, which have created a complex pattern of joints and fissures.

The surrounding landscape has been shaped by these tectonic events, with prominent landforms such as hills and valleys carved out over millions of years.

Furthermore, the presence of Jurassic-era fossils in the area provides further evidence of the region’s geological history. The fossil record indicates that the area was once a shallow sea, which eventually became dry land as the supercontinent of Pangaea began to take shape.

Overall, the geological context of NCTF 135 HA near Mitcham, Surrey, is one of significant tectonic activity during the Jurassic period. This has had a lasting impact on the local geology, creating a unique and fascinating landscape that continues to provide valuable insights into the region’s history.

Aron Marquez Melissa Neufeld The CBD Consultancy